Social Performance of Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Performance of Organizations - Assignment Example At the point when Iran nationalized the company’s resources in 1951, the organization wandered into leading investigations in other Middle Eastern nations, for example, Iraq, Libya and Kuwait and in 1954, it was in the end renamed as the British Petroleum Company. In 1987, the British government sold its last offers in the organization when BP’s dull execution had made it begin mulling at the base of its segment. Notwithstanding, by 1996, the organization had the option to impact a pivot that saw it begin performing inside the oil and gas top quartile. At present, BP is viewed as the world’s number 3 open exchanged incorporated oil concern (Juhasz, 2011). It investigates for gas and oil in more than 30 nations and has a demonstrated stores that are evaluated to remain at 17 billion of barrels of oil. Inside the United States, it is viewed as the biggest gas and oil maker and a top purifier with its 15 plants that are persistently handling an expected in excess of 2 million barrels of raw petroleum every day. A portion of the outside components that can influence the accomplishment of the organization incorporate political and financial elements. Political factors, for example, government strategy, for example, the general level of intercession in the economy can influence the exhibition of BP. This may incorporate exchanging approaches and campaigning actives that can serve to either improve the organization execution or make it hard for it to exchange inside a given nation. Financial components can influence the exhibition of BP remember the national economies of the earth for which organization is maintaining its business activities. At the point when a country’s economy isn't doing excessively well, the purchasing intensity of its residents is decreased and this will have the impact of diminishing the absolute deals of BP’s items in the nation. Alternately, the organization execution in nations with great economies is moderately acceptable because of the way that the org anization can accomplish significant levels

There are many elections that occur in the United States

There are numerous decisions that happen in the United States. In many people groups feelings, the most significant political decision is the presidential political race. Albeit most common individuals don't overanalyze how they get the data about the up-and-comers during races, in Thomas E. Pattersons book Out of Order he has proposed the idea that the media gives their political race data to the individuals in an out of line and one-sided way. I will presently disclose to you the manners in which that I differ and concur with him on various focuses. Patterson has gone into a wide range of focuses, however I have picked the ones that are generally imperative to me, which are the means by which the media coordinates voters towards one competitor, the sum applicants are cited, if the media favors the Democrats over the Republicans, the sum the surveys are secured, how the media controls articles with words that beg to be defended, the consequences of up-and-comers not helping out the press, and the genuine significance of an outsider. The true reason of todays framework is that the media will coordinate the voters toward an away from of picking one applicant instead of another.1 There are two sections to this announcement. I concur with the part expressing that the media coordinates voters toward one up-and-comer, anyway I don't concur this is done to one competitor all through the whole political race. I gathered articles between September 6th until September eleventh that obviously guided the positive data to the Democratic competitor, Al Gore. Before the day was finished, it was Bush who was reexamining himself, after almost four straight long stretches of playing messy defense.2 As you can see, this article had totally negative data that was being coordinated towards the Republican up-and-comer, George Bush. Law based presidential candidate Al Gore requested media outlets consent to a quick truce in the promoting of grown-up materi...

ESTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions

ESTP Personality Characteristics, Myths & Cognitive Functions Theories Personality Psychology Print ESTP: The Persuader (Extraverted, Sensing, Thinking, Perceiving) An Overview of the ESTP Personality Type By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 04, 2019 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Overview Intuitive-Thinking INTJ INTP ENTJ ENTP Intuitive-Feeling INFJ INFP ENFJ ENFP Sensing-Judging ISTJ ISFJ ESTJ ESFJ Sensing-Perceiving ISTP ISFP ESTP ESFP In This Article Table of Contents Expand Key ESTP Characteristics Cognitive Functions Personal Relationships Career Paths Tips for Interacting With ESTPs View All ESTP is one of the 16 personality types identified by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). People with this personality type are frequently described as outgoing, action-oriented and dramatic. ESTPs are outgoing and enjoy spending time with a wide circle of friends and acquaintances. They are interested in the here-and-now and are more likely to focus on details than taking a broader view of things. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell People with this personality type are logical. When making decisions, they place a higher value on objectivity rather than personal feelings. ESTPs dont like to be pinned down by excessive planning. Instead, they like to improvise and keep their options open. According to psychologist David Keirsey, the creator of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, approximately four to ten percent of people exhibit an ESTP personality. It is believed to be one of the most common personality types. Key ESTP Characteristics When confronted by problems, people with this personality type quickly look at the facts and devise an immediate solution. They tend to improvise rather than spend a great deal of time planning.ESTPs dont have a lot of use for abstract theories or concepts. They are more practical, preferring straightforward information that they can think about rationally and act upon immediately.They are very observant, often picking up on details that other people never notice. Other people sometimes describe them as fast-talkers who are highly persuasive. In social settings, they often seem like they are a few steps ahead of the conversation.ESTPs are not planners. They react in the moment and can often be quite impulsive or even risk-taking. This leap before they look attitude can be problematic at times and it may lead them to saying or doing things that they wish they could take back.One common myth about ESTPs is that they are reckless. In some instances, people with this personality type can veer into reckless behavior. In most cases, however, ESTPs act quickly based on their impressions and logic. Strengths Gregarious, funny, and energetic Influential and persuasive Action-oriented Adaptable and resourceful Observant Weaknesses Impulsive Competitive Dramatic at times Easily bored Insensitive Cognitive Functions The MBTI suggests that personality is also composed of a number of different mental functions (sensing, thinking, intuition, and feeling) that are either directed inwardly (introverted) or outwardly (extraverted). The most prominent of these functions plays the largest role in personality, while the secondary function acts as a co-pilot. The tertiary and inferior functions tend to have smaller influence. Dominant: Extraverted Sensing Because they are so focused on the present world, ESTPs tend to be realists. They are interested in the sights, sounds, and experiences that are going on immediately around them, and they have little use for daydreams or flights of fancy.As sensors, people with this personality type want to touch, feel, hear, taste and see anything and everything that might possibly draw their interest. When learning about something new, its not just enough to read about it in a textbook or listen to a lecture â€" they want to experience it for themselves.ESTPs also have lots of energy, so they can become bored in situations that are tedious or in learning situations that involve a great deal of theoretical information. ESTPs are the quintessential doers â€" they get straight to work and are willing to take risks in order to get the job done. Auxiliary: Introverted Thinking When making judgments about the world, ESTPs focus inwardly where they process information in a logical and rational way. Because this side of personality is introverted, it is something that people may not immediately notice.This inner sense of control gives ESTPs a great deal of self-discipline. They are skilled at working independently and can be very goal-directed when they want to achieve an objective.They have excellent observational skills, noticing things that others may overlook. As they take in information, they then apply their sense of logic to look for practical and immediately applicable solutions. Tertiary: Extraverted Feeling This function focuses on creating social harmony and relationships with others. While emotions are not an ESTPs strongest suit, they do have a great need for social engagement. They enjoy being at the center of attention and are good at establishing a friendly rapport with other people.While they are social, ESTPs are sometimes less comfortable sharing their opinions and judgments with others. Rather than rock the boat, they are more focused on pleasing others and maintaining harmony.  They may overlook their own needs at times to ensure that other people are happy. Inferior: Introverted Intuition This aspect of personality focuses on looking at information in order to see patterns and develop a gut feeling about situations.This aspect of personality allows ESTPs to gain impressions of incoming data and develop a sense of the future. They may look for connections that will allow them to gain a sense of what to expect will happen next.Intuition is not an ESTPs strong suit, but they will sometimes develop strong gut reactions to a situation that may actually be completely inaccurate. Because of this, they may feel that they do not have good instincts. ESTPs You Might Know Donald Trump, businessman and U.S. PresidentMadonna, singerErnest Hemingway, novelistThomas Edison, inventorCaptain James T. Kirk, fictional character, Star Trek Personal Relationships As extroverts, ESTPs gain energy from being around other people. In social settings, people with this personality type are seen as fun, friendly and charming. According to Keirsey, people with this personality type are particularly skilled at influencing people. ESTPs are not only great at interacting with other people, they have a natural ability to perceive and interpret nonverbal communication. Thanks to these abilities, ESTPs tend to do very well in careers that involve sales and marketing. Career Paths People with an ESTP personality type feel energized when they interact with a wide variety of people, so they do best in jobs that involve working with others. They strongly dislike routine and monotony, so fast-paced jobs are ideal. ESTPs have several different personality characteristics that make them well-suited for certain careers. As mentioned previously, because they are so observant and have such strong people skills, ESPTs make great salespeople. Because they are action-oriented and resourceful, they are great in first-responder positions that require fast-thinking and quick responses such as emergency medical personnel and police officers. Popular ESTP Careers Sales agentMarketerEntrepreneurPolice officersDetectivesComputer support technicianParamedic Tips for Interacting With ESTPs Friendships ESTPs have an inexhaustible thirst for adventure. You can be a good friend by always being ready to head out for a new experience, or even by coming up with plans that offer excitement, novelty, and challenge. Parenting ESTP children can be adventurous and independent, which is why parents need to set boundaries and ensure that fair, consistent discipline is used. Kids with this type of personality needs lots of hand-on activities to keep them busy, but they may struggle in classroom settings where they quickly grow weary of routines. Relationships ESTPs are exciting and fun-loving, but they can grow bored with routines quickly. They do not enjoy long, philosophical discussions but like to keep the conversation flowing as they talk about shared interests and passions. Be aware that your partner prefers to take things day by day, may struggle with making long-term commitments, and has a hard time making plans for the future.

The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde - 2147 Words

The Duality of Humanity Often in situations regarding conflict, a question of morals arises. Conflict is reduced to a battle of â€Å"good versus evil† in order to make a distinction between options and determine an outcome. However, good and evil are not entirely separate entities within humans; rather, actions fall on a scale between the two extremes making the morality of such actions difficult to judge. The ability to separate the opposing forces of good and evil within an individual is a topic discussed extensively by Scottish author and poet Robert Louis Stevenson in his fictional novel â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†. Stevenson also discusses the effects that class, appearance, and public opinion can have on the morality†¦show more content†¦Jekyll is drawn to an experiment concerning human nature both by his own belief â€Å"that man is not truly one, but truly two† (104) and his desire to indulge once again in the wilder as pects of life without the judgement of society. Anxious to experience a pleasure not afforded to a man of his class and reputation, Jekyll sets about using science to prove his theory of an individual being both moral and immoral. Jekyll, through this experiment, allows himself to experience the pure evil he believes lies within each person without fear of facing consequences socially or monetarily for his actions. Despite the chaos and wickedness of his actions when left unchecked by a moral figure, Jekyll maintains his conscience to a degree that he is aware that he must be stopped. Jekyll is seen constantly conflicted by his decisions, at war with his decision to partake in his social experiment. Choosing to die rather than allow the destruction caused by said experiment to continue, Jekyll commits suicide as an act of heroism that conveniently also salvages his reputation(Singh and Chakrabarti). In order for Jekyll to stop Hyde’s unruly and destructive behavior, he must not only kill Hyde but himself as well in the process. Jekyll’s conscience maintains the idea that while good, and evil are equipotent, good conquers evil due to the ability of conscience to recognize times in which wrongdoing crosses an unspoken line and take necessary precautions

6 Ways to Pay for Private School

Attending a boarding school isnt cheap, we all know that. And today, many tuitions can cost a family as much as $70,000 a year (now multiply that by four years). Most private schools seem to be topping out around $45,000 to $55,000 a year, but some go well above that amount. Day school tuition typically runs about half that cost, or even less, depending on where you live. Even the primary grades cost a fortune these days. Paying for a private school education requires tremendous sacrifice for most parents. So how do you do it? How do you manage to pay for private school  tuition over the course of your childs education? Here are six ways you can manage those large tuition bills. Earn Cash Back on Tuition Payments Most schools expect payment of fees in two installments: one due in the summer, typically by July 1, and the other due in the late fall, typically by the end of November of the current academic year. Other schools may do their billing by semester or term though, so it varies. But, a little tip that not many families know is that schools will permit payment with a credit card. Simply make your tuition payment twice a year on a credit card with a rewards program, like a cash back card or one that will earn miles,  and then make your regularly scheduled monthly payments on the card. Lump Sum Discounts Schools always hate chasing down families who are late on their bills, which can have some negative results. But if you work with the school and pay your bill upfront, its often met with a discount. If youre able to pay your tuition bill in full by July 1, the school may offer you a  five to ten percent discount on the overall amount. Discount plus earning cash back with credit card payments? That sounds like a deal to me.   Tuition Payment Plans Not everyone can make lump sum payments and use a credit card to do so. For those families, there are still plenty of options. Most schools participate in tuition payment plans which are offered by outside providers, if not the school itself. The way these plans work is that you pay one-tenth of the expenses each month to the payment plan provider, which in turn pays the school on an agreed basis. It can be a real boon to your cash flow by allowing the payments to be spread equally over a number of months. The schools like the fact that they dont have to manage your billing. Its a win-win.   Financial Aid and Scholarships Almost every school offers some form of financial aid. You have to file an application for aid with the school and also file a standardized form, such as the Parents Financial Statement. The amount of aid which you can reasonably expect depends to a great extent on the size of the schools endowment, how much the school really wants to recruit your child, and how the school allots its scholarships. Several schools now offer a virtually free education if your family income is below $60,000 to $75,000 annually. So, if you need financial aid, see what the various schools on your short list can offer. Finally, be sure to ask around in your community. Many civic and religious groups provide scholarships. Loans Just like in college, loans are an option to pay for private school, though these are usually in the parents names, while college loans are often in the students names. Families have the ability to borrow against their assets to pay for private school education. There are also some specialized educational loan programs available, and your private school might offer or contract with a loan program, as well. It is always a good idea to consult your tax adviser and financial planner before making a major financial decision such as this. Company Benefits Many major corporations will pay for tuition and related educational expenses for dependent children of expatriate employees. So if you are posted to Belgium tomorrow, the main issue you will face is getting your children into the local international school. Fortunately for you, the tuition expenses will be paid for you by your company. Ask your Human Resources department for details. Edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Eia Malaysia Free Essays

string(94) " Malaysia is designed to follow the Integrated Project Planning Concept as shown in Figure 2\." ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Procedure and Requirements in Malaysia CONTENTS Page I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Why do we need EIA? Which activities are subject to EIA How to conduct EIA II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA Integrated Project Planning Concept How is EIA Report Processed and Approved ? Organisational Structure Preliminary EIA Reports Detailed EIA Reports Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Consultation III. We will write a custom essay sample on Eia Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 5 9 9 9 LIST OF FIGURES 1 2 3a 3b Outline of Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure in Malaysia Integrated Project Planning Concept Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at State Offices Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at the Department of Environment Headquarters Organisational Structure of Detailed EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure LIST OF TABLES 1 2a 2b 2c Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Quantum) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by Unit of Measure) 3 4 4 5 3c 6 7 11 12 13 ii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Environmental Quality Act, 1974 1985) Section 34a 2 Environmental Quality Act, 1974. Environmental Qua lity (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 Offices of the Department of Environment Page (Amendment, 14 16 21 3 iii I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? EIA is a study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate information about the impacts on the environment of a proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures prior to project approval and implementation. Why do we need EIA? EIA is essentially a planning tool for preventing environmental problems due to an action. It seeks to avoid costly mistakes in project implementation, either because of the environmental damages that are likely to arise during project implementation, or because of modifications that may be required subsequently in order to make the action environmentally acceptable. In Malaysia, EIA is required under section 34A, Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (APPENDIX 1). EIA when integrated into the existing planning and decision-making machinery, provides additional information towards better decision-making. Which activities are subject to EIA? Activities subject to EIA are prescribed under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 (APPENDIX 2). A copy of this Order may be obtained from the Government Printers or from any office of the Department of Environment (APPENDIX 3). How to conduct EIA? To assist you in the preparation of environmental impact assessment reports, you may refer to â€Å"A Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines† and EIA guidelines for specific activities published by the Department of Environment. II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA The EIA procedure adopted in Malaysia consists of three major steps. The steps in the EIA procedure, which are shown in Figure 1, can be described as follows: Preliminary assessment relates to the initial assessment of the impacts due to those activities that are prescribed. Preliminary assessment is the stage of the EIA procedure that should normally be initiated at the pre-feasibility study stage of the development of an activity. Project options are identified at this stage and any significant residual environmental impacts are made known. The preliminary report that is prepared is reviewed by a technical committee in the DOE internally. However, where expertise within the Department is lacking, assistance from other government and non-government agencies may be sought. Detailed assessment is undertaken for those projects for which significant residual environmental impacts have been predicted in the preliminary assessment. The assessment should ideally continue during project feasibility, and the detailed EIA Report be submitted for approval by the Director General of Environmental Quality prior to the giving of approval by the relevant Federal or State Government authority for the implementation of the project. Detailed assessment is carried out based on specific terms of reference issued by an ad hoc Review Panel appointed by the Director General. The EIA Report that is prepared is reviewed by the ad hoc Review Panel chaired by the Director General. Review of EIA Reports is carried out internally by the DOE for preliminary assessment reports and by an ad hoc Review Panel for detailed assessment reports. Recommendations arising out of the review are transmitted to the relevant project approving authorities for consideration in making a decision on the project. The normal period allocated for a review of a preliminary assessment report is one month while that for a detailed assessment report is two months. The DOE maintains a list of experts who may be called upon to sit as 1 members of any Review Panel established. The selection of the experts depends on the areas of environmental impacts to be reviewed. Other main features of the EIA procedure as shown in Figure 1 include the following: The Approving Authority is the Government Authority that has the task of deciding, whether or not a project should proceed. The authorities include the following: 1. The National Development Planning Committee (NDPC) for Federal Government sponsored projects; 2. The State Executive Council (EXCO) for State Government sponsored projects; 3. The various Local Authorities or Regional Development Authorities (RDA) with respect to planning approval within their respective area; and 4. The Ministry of Trade and Industry or MIDA for industrial projects. Recommendations arising from the review of the EIA Reports are forwarded to the relevant project approving authorities. At the completion of the review period for a detailed EIA, a Detailed Assessment Review Document is issued by the Review Panel. This document may include: 1. Comments on the Detailed Assessment report; 2. Recommendations to the project proponent and the project approving authority including any specific conditions attached to the project approval; and 3. Recommendations for environmental monitoring and auditing. Integrated Project Planning Concept The EIA Procedure in Malaysia is designed to follow the Integrated Project Planning Concept as shown in Figure 2. You read "Eia Malaysia" in category "Papers" The features of the concept include the following: 1. At the onset, during the project identification stage, the need to conduct an EIA study is also determined. 2. If the project requires Preliminary Assessment, it is done in parallel with the Pre-feasibility Study for the project. 3. Similarly, if Detailed Assessment is required, it is conducted as part of the Feasibility Study for the project. 4. The Preliminary Assessment and Detailed Assessment reports are reviewed simultaneously with the Pre-feasibility and Feasibility reports respectively, before a final decision on the project is made. During project construction and project operation environmental monitoring is carried out. 2 3 The concept is recommended to be followed to minimise project delay and improve project planning. How are EIA Reports Processed and Approved? Organisational Structure As of 1st January 1994, all Preliminary EIA Reports are processed and approved by the Department of Environment State Offices except for Kedah and Perlis. EIA Reports for Kedah and Perlis and those for projects within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and projects involving more than one state are processed by officers at the Department of Environment Headquarters. All Detailed EIA Reports are processed and approved at Headquarters. Preliminary EIA Reports Figure 3a illustrates the organisational structure of the Preliminary EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment State Offices. The organisational structure is headed by the State Director. He is responsible for approving or rejecting an EIA Report. One-Stop Agency meetings with other relevant agencies or departments are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from relevant agencies or departments are sought for certain cases. The State Director is assisted by Environmental Control Officers and Assistant Environmental Control Officers. Figure 3a. Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at State Offices Figure 3b shows the organisational structure of the EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment Headquarters. The organisational set-up is headed by the Director of Prevention Division. He is assisted by the Head of Evaluation Section and Senior Environmental Control Officers chairing the EIA Technical Committee meeting. The EIA Technical Committee is an in-house committee set 4 up to examine the Preliminary EIA Reports. One-Stop Agency meetings with relevant departments or agencies are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from the departments or agencies are acquired when necessary. The Committee formulates recommendations to the Director of Prevention Division on the acceptability of the Preliminary EIA Report. Detailed EIA Reports Figure 3c illustrates the organisational structure of the Detailed EIA Report processing and approval procedure. The Organisational set-up is headed by the Director General of Environment Quality who is responsible for approving or rejecting the EIA report. He is assisted by the Director of Prevention Division, who also functions as Secretary to the Detailed EIA ad hoc Review Panel. The Chairman of this panel is the Director General of Environmental Quality. The Detailed EIA Review Panel’s main task is to critically review Detailed EIA Reports and formulate recommendations to the relevant project approving authority. The Detailed EIA Review Panel is established on an ad hoc basis specifically for a particular project. The panel comprises independent members of relevant disciplines, from different organisations such as Universities and Non-Governmental organisations. Detailed EIA Reports are also displayed at all Department of Environment Offices, as well as public and university libraries for public comments. The public are widely notified through the mass media when and where the Detailed EIA Reports are available for review and comment. The Evaluation (EIA) section which is headed by a Principal Assistant Director comprises EIA Report Processing Desk Officers assisted by Assistant Environmental Control Officers. The desk officers are trained in different disciplines including Environmental Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Physics, Economics, Sociology and Ecology. 5 6 TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF EIA REPORTS BY TIMING OF SUBMISSION (PROJECT PLANNING CYCLE) PROJECT PLANNING CYCLE Project Identification Sourcing for Technology or Licence Pre-feasibility/ Siting Decision Feasibility/Project Design REPORT CLASSIFICATION 0 1 EIA ISSUE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CYCLE Exploring environmentally sound projects Assessment for environmentally sound technology Base line study and submission of preliminary assessment report Extended cost benefit analysis and submission of complete or detailed EIA report EIA report to be approved by the Director General of DOE, prior to licence to be granted by relevant government agencies, or lease to be given, land conversion or change of ownership approval by State Government Budget approval Contract 4 Are sufficient environmental specifications and safeguard incorporated in contract documents and agreements? Is the design complying with all the specifications? PROJECT APPROVAL Is the project environmentally sound? Is the technolo gy most advanced and clean? Is the proposed site environmentally least sensitive? Own approval or Memorandum of Understanding Business transactions, technology transfer and licence agreement DOE clearance 2 3 Does the project design incorporate all the required pollution control and other environment mitigating measures? Written permission Detailed Design 5 Submission of plans on pollution control and other environmental mitigating measures Tendering 6 Is sufficient budget provided for environmental control and other environmental mitigating measures in the tender exercise and award? Are project development and construction closely supervised? Does the project meeting all set standards and conditions? Is the project fully complying with the imposed standards all the time? Are there significant residual environmental impacts? – Development and Construction Commissioning 7 Environmental monitoring Approval by land, resources, safety, health, environment and local authorities Certification by safety, health, environment, and local authorities – 8 Continuation of monitoring and project auditting Source and environmental monitoring Operation and Maintenance Abandonment/End of Project Line 9 x Continued environmental monitoring Approval by the relevant Federal, State and Environment Authorities 7 Key Classification 1 – High Distinction 2 – Distinction 3 – High Credit 4 5 6 – Credit – Simple Credit – Low Credit 7 – Low Pass 8 – Just Pass 9 – Fail 8 Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) In order to integrate the environmental dimension in the project planning or designing process, the timing of submission of an EIA Report to the Department of Environment for approval is vital. The proper timing of submission of an EIA Report is essential so as not to cause any major disruption to the overall project planning cycle. The project initiator is encouraged to submit the EIA Report as early as at the project identification stage to enable recommendations on environmental changes or modifications to the project plan to be incorporated. On the other hand, submission of an EIA Report towards the end of the project planning cycle will reduce the value of an EIA, and possibly increase environmental costs or delay implementation of the project. In order to guide project proponents, a classification system for EIA reports has been made in accordance with time of submission as tabulated in Table 1. The timing of submission of an EIA Report corresponding to the stage of project planning cycle has been divided into nine classifications. The nine classifications are ranked from ‘high distinction’ to ‘failure’. In addition, the corresponding environmental issues, and requirements for project approval have also been identified for the various stages of project planning. For example, the submission of an EIA Report at the stage of project identification or sourcing for technology is classified as Class 1 and given ‘high distinction’, whilst reports submitted towards the end of project construction or commissioning falls under Class 8 and is ranked ‘low pass’. An EIA Report submitted at the commencement of the project identification stage will give an opportunity to project planners to exhaust environmental issues and to find solutions to them prior to project implementation. In instances where undesirable significant adverse environmental impacts are identified, alternatives which are environmentally acceptable should be found. This exercise should be repeated until an acceptable solutions is found. Consultation Although there is no requirement for notification and a project proponent is under no formal obligation to consult the Department of Environment about his proposal before submission of his EIA Report, there are practical reasons for doing so. The Department of Environment and other relevant departments will often possess useful information in particular, data on environmental quality, local problems, as well as aspects of the project most likely to be of concern and requiring emphasis in the EIA Report. It would be beneficial for all concerned if project approval authorities can advise potential project proponents as soon as a project is conceived to check with the Department of Environment to ascertain if EIA is required. By doing this, the issues of timing and delay can be avoided. III. ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activites) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 which is made under powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (Amendment) 1985 specifies those activities that are subject to EIA. Nineteen categories of activities are prescribed and these include those related to: agriculture, airport, drainage and irrigation, land reclamation, fisheries, forestry, housing, industry, infrastructure, ports, mining, petroleum, power generation, quarries, railways, transportation, resort and recreational development, waste treatment and disposal, and water supply. Many of the activities related to these nineteen categories are defined in terms of project size (as area), capacity (quantum) while others are not defined by any unit of measure. Hence, to assist project initiators or project approving authorities to make quick decisions on whether a proposed activity is subject to the Act or otherwise, three simple checklists have been prepared as follows: a) Activities defined by quantum (Table 2a); 9 b) Activities defined by project size (Table 2b); and c) Activities not defined by unit of measure (Table 2c). 10 Table 2a Malaysia: Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Quantum) Quantum 60000 5000 4500 200 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 30 10 Unit Barrel Tonne Cubicmetres Tonnes/ day Family Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ hour Megawatts Activity Construction of product depot for storage of petrol, gas or diesel Shipyards Groundwater development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply Iron and steel industries using scrap iron Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement Chemical production industries Lime production industries using rotary kiln Iron and steel industries using iron ore Non ferrous industries other than aluminium and copper Lime production industries using vertical kiln Pulp and paper industry Cement industries Construction of steam generated power stations using fossil fuels 8 (c) 8 (d) 8 (g) 8 (d) 1 (b) 8 (a) 8 (d) 8 (e) Number 12 (e) 8 (f) 19 (b) 8 (e) 13 (a) 11 Table 2b Malaysia: Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Project Size Unit Activity Number 5000 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 400 Hectare 250 Hectare 200 Hectare 200 100 100 80 50 50 Hectare Family Hectare Room Hectare Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 50 50 40 Hectare Hectare Kilometre Hectare 2. 5 Kilometre Irrigation schemes Land development schemes to bring forest land into agricultural production Development of agricultural estates involving changes in types of agricultural use Logging Construction of dams and hydroelectric power scheme reservoirs Mining of mineral in new areas Construction of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes Construction of dams or impounding reservoirs Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement Drainage of wetland, wild-life habitat or virgin forest Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotel Coastal reclamation Land-based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forest Conversion of hill forest land to other land use Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing, or agricultural use Housing development Industrial estate development for medium and heavy industries Sand dredging Hill station resort or hotel development Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipeline Construction of dams and hydr oelectric power schemes with dams over 15 metres high Construction of airports 3 (c) 1 (a) 1 (c) 6 (c) 13 (b) ii 11 (a) 3 (a) 19 (a) 1 (b) 3 (b) 17 (a) 4 5 (c) 6 (a) 6 (d) 7 9 (b) 11 (c) 17 (b) 12 (b) 13 (b)i 2 (a) 12 Table 2c Malaysia: Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by Unit of Measure) Prescribed Activity AIRPORT FISHERIES Activity Airstrip development in state and national parks Construction of fishing harbours Harbour expansion involving an increase of 0 per cent or more in fish landing capacity per annum Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generation or in areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine parks Petrochemicals industries – all sizes Primary smelting of aluminium and copper – all sizes Construc tion of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes Construction of expressways Construction of national highways Construction of new townships Construction of ports Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum Ore processing including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold or tantalum Oil and gas fields development Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling and storage facilities Construction of oil refineries Construction of combined cycle power stations Construction of nuclear-fueled power stations Number 2 (b) 5 (a) 5 (b) FORESTRY 6 (b) 6 (e) 8 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 9 (c) 9 (d) 9 (e) 10 (a) 10 (b) INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE PORTS MINING 11 (b) 12 (a) 12 ( c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 13 (d) PETROLEUM POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION 13 Table 2c (Continuation) Prescribed Activity QUARRIES Activity Proposed quarrying of aggregate limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development Construction of new routes Construction of branch lines Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects Number 14 15 (a) 15 (b) 16 RAILWAYS TRANSPORTATION RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks 17 (c) Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks 17 (d) WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (Toxic and Hazardous Waste) Construction of incineration plant Construction of recovery plant (off-site) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site) Construction of secure landfill facility Construction of storage facility (off-site) Construction of incineration plant Construction of composting plant Construction of recovery/recycling plant Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility Construction of wastewater treatment plant Construction of marine outfall 18 (a)i 18 (a)ii 18 (a)iii 18 (a)iv 18 (a)v 18 (b)i 18 (b)ii 18 (b)iii 18 (b)iv 18 (c)i 18 (c)ii (Municipal Solid Waste) (Municipal Sewage) 14 APPENDIX 1 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 (AMENDMENT, 1985) SECTION 34A The Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985, amended the Environmental Quality Act, 1974. Amendments include the insertion of section 34A which requires any person intending to carry out any prescribed activity to submit report on the impact on the environment to the Director General of Environmental Quality for examination. The Amendment act was gazetted on 9 January 1986 and section 34A reads as follows:â€Å"34A (1) The Minister, after consultation with the Council, may by order prescribe any activity which have significant environment impact as prescribed activity. Any person intending to carry out any of the prescribed activities shall, before any approval for the carrying out of such activity is granted by the relevant approving authority, submit a report to the Director General. The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the Director General and shall contain an assessment of the impact such activity will have or is likely to have on the environment and the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment. If the Director General on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report satisfies the requirements of subsection (2) and that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are adequate, he shall approve the report, with or without conditions attached thereto, and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescrived activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly. If the Director General, on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (2) or that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are inadequate, he shall not approve the report and shall give his reasons therefore and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescribed activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly. Provided that where such report is not approved it shall not preclude such person from revising and re-submitting the revised report to the Director General for the approval. The Director General may if he considers it necessary require more than one report to be submitted to him for his approval. Any person intending to carry out a prescribed activity shall not carry out such activity until the report required under this section to be submitted to the Director General has been sub mitted and approved. If the Director General approves the report, the person carrying out the prescribed activity, in the course of carrying out such activity, shall provide sufficient proof that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are being complied with and that the proposed measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are being incorporated into the design, construction and operation of the prescribed activity. Any person who contravenes this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or both and to a further fine of one thousand ringgit for every day that the offence is continued after a notice by the Director General requiring him to comply with the act specified therein has been served upon him. † 15 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 16 APPENDIX 2 P. U. A) 362 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (PRESCRIBED ACTIV ITES) (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT) ORDER 1987 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, the Minister, after consultation with the Environmental Quality Council, makes the following order: 1. This order may be cited as the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 and shall come into force on the 1st April 1988. 2. The activities specified in the Schedule are prescribed to be prescribed activities. SCHEDULE 1. AGRICULTURE (a) Land development schemes covering an area of 500 hectares or more to bring forest land into agricultural production. Agricultural programmes necessitating the resettlement of 100 families or more. Development of agricultural estates covering an area of 500 hectares or more involving changes in types of agricultural use. (b) (c) 2. AIRPORT (a) (b) Construction of airports (having an airstrip of 2,500 metres or longer) Airstrip development in state and national parks. 3. DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION (a) Construction of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes with surface area of 200 hectares or more. Drainage of wet land, wild-life habitat or of virgin forest covering an area of 100 hectares or more. Irrigation schemes covering an area of 5,000 hectares or more. (b) (c) 4. LAND RECLAMATION Coastal reclamation involving an area of 50 hectares or more. 5. FISHERIES (a) Construction of fishing harbours. 17 (b) Harbour expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in fish landing capacity per annum. Land based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forests covering an area of 50 hectares or more. (c) 6. FORESTRY (a) (b) Conversion of hill land to other land use covering an area of 50 hectares of more. Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydro-power generation or in areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks. Logging covering an area of 500 hectares or more. Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing or agriculture use covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine parks. (c) (d) (e) 7. HOUSING Housing development covering an area of 50 hectares or more. 8. INDUSTRY (a) Chemical – Where production capacity of each product or of combined product is greater than 100 tonnes/day. – All sizes. – Primary smelting: Alluminium Copper Others (b) (c) Petrochemicals Non-ferrous – all sizes. – all sizes. – producing 50 tonnes/day and above of products. for clinker throughput of 30 tonnes/hour and above. – 100 tonnes/day and above burnt lime rotary kiln or 50 tonnes/day and above vertical kiln. (d) Non-metallic – Cement – Lime e) Iron and steel – Require iron ore as raw materials for production greater than 100 tonnes/day; or – Using scrap iron as raw materials for production greater than 200 tonnes/day – Dead Weight Tonnages greater than 5,000 tonnes. 18 (f) Shipyards (g) Pulp and paper industry – Production capacity greater than 50 tonnes/day 9. INFRASTRUCTURE (a) (b) Construction of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes. Industrial estate development for medium and heavy industries covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Construction of expressways. Construction of national highways. Construction of new townships. (c) (d) (e) 10. PORTS (a) (b) Construction of ports. Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum. 11. MINING (a) Mining of minerals in new areas where the mining lease covers a total area in excess of 250 hectares. Ore processing, including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold, or tantalum. Sand dredging involving an area of 50 hectares or more. (b) (c) 12. PETROLEUM (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Oil and gas fields development. Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipelines in excess of 50 kilometres in length. Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling, and storage facilities. Construction of oil refineries. Construction of product depots for the storage of petrol, gas or diesel (excluding service stations) which are located within 3 kilometre of any commercial, industrial or residential areas which have a combined storage capacity of 60,000 barrels or more. 13. POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION (a) Construction of steam generated power stations burning fossil fuels and having a capacity of more than 10 megawatts. Dams and hydroelectric power schemes with either or both of the following: i) dams over 15 metres high and ancillary structures covering a total area in excess of 40 hectares. 19 (b) ii) (c) (d) 14. reservoirs with a surface area in excess of 400 hectares. Construction of combined cycle power stations. Construction of nuclear-fueled stations. QUARRIES Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development. 15. RAILWAYS (a) Construction of new routes. (b) Construction of branch lines. 16. TRANSPORTATION Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects. 17. RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (a) (b) (c) (d) Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotels with more than 80 rooms. Hill station resort or hotel development covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks. Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks. 18. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (a) Toxic and Hazardous Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of recovery plant (off-site). iii) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site). iv) Construction of secure landfill facility. v) Construction of storage facility (off-site). Municipal Solid Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of composting plant. iii) Construction of recovery/recycling plant. iv) Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility. Municipal Sewage i) Construction of wastewater treatment plant. ii) Construction of marine outfall. (b) (c) 19. WATER SUPPLY 20 (a) (b) Construction of dams or impounding reservoirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or more. Groundwater development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply of greater than 4,500 cubic metres per day. Made on the 30th September, 1987. [KST AS(U) 902/JAS/4(2); PN. (PU2)280/111] DATUK AMAR STEPHEN K. T. YONG, Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment 21 APPENDIX 3 OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT For further information and enquiries, you may contact the following offices: HEADQUARTERS Director General Department of Environment 12th 13th Floor, Wisma Sime Darby Jalan Raja Laut 50662 KUALA LUMPUR Tel: 03-2947844 Tlx: MOSTEC MA 28154 Fax: 603-2931480/2937655 Cable â€Å"SEKITAR† Kuala Lumpur STATE OFFICES Director Department of Environment Selangor/Wilayah Persekutuan 17th Floor, Wisma MPSA Persiaran Perbandaran 40000 SHAH ALAM Tel: 03-5594787/5594788 Fax: 03-5594788 Director Department of Environment Johor 23rd Floor, Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak Jalan Wong Ah Fook 80000 JOHOR BAHRU Tel: 07-2226723/2224431 Fax: 07-2230567 Director Department of Environment Pahang 4th Floor, Bangunan Asia Life Jalan Tekul Sisek 25000 KUANTAN Tel: 09-529211/529075 Fax: 09-529075 Director Department of Environment Trengganu/Kelantan Lot 2, 5th Floor Bangunan Tabung Haji/Bank Pertanian Jalan Sultan Ismail 20200 KUALA TERENGGANU Tel: 09-6227877 Fax: 09-6226877 Director Department of Environment Kedah/Perlis 22 Aras 1, Menara Zakat Jalan Teluk Wanjah 05200 ALOR SETAR Tel: 04-7332832 Fax: 04-7337530 Director Department of Environment Pulau Pinang 5th 6th Floor, Wisma Peladang Jalan Kampong Gajah 12200 BUTTERWORTH Tel: 04-340441 Fax: 04-316078 Director Department of Environment Perak 9th Floor, Bangunan Seri Kinta Jalan Sultan Idris Shah 30000 IPOH Tel: 05-2542744 Fax: 05-2558595 Director Department of Environment Melaka 2nd Floor, Bangunan Graha Maju Jalan Tan Chay Yan 75300 MELAKA Tel: 06-247825 Fax: 06-247845 Director Department of Environment Negeri Sembilan 3rd Floor, Block C Wisma Negeri 70503 SEREMBAN Tel: 06-722311 Fax: 06-731397 Director Department of Environment Sabah 7th Floor, Block E, Bangunan KUWASA Jalan Karamunsing 88000 KOTA KINABALU Tel: 088-250122 Fax: 088-241170 Director Department of Environment Sarawak 9th Floor, Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jalan Simpang Tiga 93592 KUCHING Tel: 082-418535 Fax: 082-422863 23 How to cite Eia Malaysia, Papers

Ethical Issues in IT security for Privacy Policies- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical Issues in IT security for Privacy Policies. Answer: Introduction: Ethics is considered a branch of philosophical science that includes the systematic defending and recommending of concepts based on wrong or right conduct. Ethics is concerned with the questions involving the right way to live and actions to be right or wrong. Ethics also helps to provide solutions to questions about human morale by making concepts of good or evil, right or wrong and justice or crime. There are three parts of ethics, which includes the Meta ethics, normative ethics, and the applied ethics. This report includes the social and ethical issues that are associated with the administration of information technology (IT) system. This report also deals with ethical issues that are faced when a company gets information from two of its clients where the first information can benefit the other. Identification: The scenario presented in the provided document talks about two ethical issues. The first issue is the privacy policies implementation. The information received from client A is confidential and must not be publicly used. The next issue is the social issue where the information gotten from one client must not be used for the betterment of the other client. This is the ethics of business. Analyze: The issues analyzed in the report discuss about two types of issue that are faced by the company. The first issue is the ethical issue that the company must access all information received from clients in a strict and confidential way (Reamer, 2013). The confidentiality of client information must be maintained and this falls should be present in the ethics of doing business. Another issue is the social issue that the information perceived from sources must not be used to influence people in the working environment (Tai Chuang, 2014). The information that the company received from one client needs to be treated as a separate entity and must not be used even if it can provide certain positive impacts to the other client. Evaluation: This section of the report discusses about the major ethical challenges that are faced by the company discussed in the scenario 0. The moral issues that are faced are the social and ethical issues. Customers and clients are the most important aspects of a business and they should be assured that all the communications made by them will be held confidential and loitering or misuse will not take place (Pizzutti dos Santos Basso, 2012). These aspects need to be made aware of their trust and mistrust in the organization may lead to hiding of some necessary information that may be crucial to the business. For all the customers, the company is obligated to create separate entities withholding their information and records. The information obtained will only be used to do business that is specific to that customer only. The disclosure of information of the clients will only be made when there will be the presence of a written consent from the client or the customer that will specify the di sclosure of information (Marchi, Maria Micelli, 2013). However, during times of legal procedures, the company may choose to disclose the information. This is the required justification of the ethical issue that is faced with the company. The second issue is the social issue that is faced by the company. This issue involves the information attained from one client used for addressing the requirement of another client. The protection of company assets and property are a necessity when addressing this issue (Halibozek, Kovacich, 2017). The employees working as well as the business representatives must act in such a way to safeguard the interests of the company and prevent certain risks and losses that might be prevalent due to the misuse of properties and information. The disclosure of information form one client to use it to address the needs of another client must not be implemented as this may pose threat to the company due to the unsocial issue that is being committed (Posey et al., 2013). Loss or risks might have a direct impact on the success of the company and the business will be affected due to certain problems. This is the reason why social ethics should be followed and must be followed. Conclusion: Thus, the ethics are a set of rules that defines the moral obligations of a company. A company needs to maintain the rules defining the morality and thus work to address any such issues regarding the ethics. Thus, it is conclude from the report that the social and ethical implications that are faced should be addressed and resolved in a judicious way and the proper use of customer resources should be done to minimize the ethical implications. References: Halibozek, E., Kovacich, G. L. (2017).The manager's handbook for corporate security: establishing and managing a successful assets protection program. Butterworth-Heinemann. Marchi, V. D., Maria, E. D., Micelli, S. (2013). Environmental strategies, upgrading and competitive advantage in global value chains.Business strategy and the environment,22(1), 62-72. Pizzutti dos Santos, C., Basso, K. (2012). Do ongoing relationships buffer the effects of service recovery on customers' trust and loyalty?.International Journal of Bank Marketing,30(3), 168-192. Posey, C., Roberts, T., Lowry, P. B., Bennett, B., Courtney, J. (2013). Insiders protection of organizational information assets: Development of a systematics-based taxonomy and theory of diversity for protection-motivated behaviors. Reamer, F. G. (2013). Social work in a digital age: Ethical and risk management challenges.Social work,58(2), 163-172. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117.